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Kumah, A (2017). Minimum Wage Compliance in Developing Countries among the Informal Sector Workers in Ghana. International Journal of Current Innovation Research, 3,
Abstract
Minimum wage legislations are applicable in most countries in the world and across continents. This research sought to assess the level of compliance of minimum wage legislation among informal sector workforce in Ghana. Literature in relation to wages such as components, types, classifications, compositions, determinants among others relative wage analysis were reviewed. A survey research was used with the adoption of a cross-sectional design that allowed the researchers to draw one or more samples from the population at one-time period. The methodology then comprises research design, population, sample size and techniques, data collection procedure as well as data quality control. Using household and labour force survey data from varying informal sectors in Ghana as a developing country, the author calculated the rates of minimum wage compliance for employees covered by current legislation and assesses the average “depth” of violations. The level of compliance with minimum wage laws often depends on factors specific to each labour market. The research revealed, a substantial share of workers still earns less than the legal minimum wage. Enforcement has not kept up with growth in regulations to protect workers from low wages and working conditions. Several institutional structures shape enforcement, including the role of labour inspectors and the presence of unions. These enforcement enablers were non-functional and thus though make compliance negatively related to the ratio of minimum to median wages in Ghana, compliance rates with occupational or industry or location-specific minimum wage systems are more prevalent. Pursuance of informal minimum wages across sectors and the provisioning of adequate infrastructural base to expand employment opportunities shall on its own expand the economy and surge up wages to become living wages instead of pursuance of minimum wages. However, better compliance – especially for women, ethnic groups, and unskilled and informal workers – also depends on contextualized yet comprehensive minimum wage policies combining union/employer involvement, awareness-raising and credible enforcement.
Minimum wage legislations are applicable in most countries in the world and across continents. This research sought to assess the level of compliance of minimum wage legislation among informal sector workforce in Ghana. Literature in relation to wages such as components, types, classifications, compositions, determinants among others relative wage analysis were reviewed. A survey research was used with the adoption of a cross-sectional design that allowed the researchers to draw one or more samples from the population at one-time period. The methodology then comprises research design, population, sample size and techniques, data collection procedure as well as data quality control. Using household and labour force survey data from varying informal sectors in Ghana as a developing country, the author calculated the rates of minimum wage compliance for employees covered by current legislation and assesses the average “depth” of violations. The level of compliance with minimum wage laws often depends on factors specific to each labour market. The research revealed, a substantial share of workers still earns less than the legal minimum wage. Enforcement has not kept up with growth in regulations to protect workers from low wages and working conditions. Several institutional structures shape enforcement, including the role of labour inspectors and the presence of unions. These enforcement enablers were non-functional and thus though make compliance negatively related to the ratio of minimum to median wages in Ghana, compliance rates with occupational or industry or location-specific minimum wage systems are more prevalent. Pursuance of informal minimum wages across sectors and the provisioning of adequate infrastructural base to expand employment opportunities shall on its own expand the economy and surge up wages to become living wages instead of pursuance of minimum wages. However, better compliance – especially for women, ethnic groups, and unskilled and informal workers – also depends on contextualized yet comprehensive minimum wage policies combining union/employer involvement, awareness-raising and credible enforcement.
Kumah, A & Boachie, W. K. (2017). Teacher Job Satisfaction as a motivational tool for School Effectiveness: An Assessment of Private Basic Schools in Ghana. International Journal of Research Science & Management, 4,
Abstract
This is a survey study undertaken to assess the function of extrinsic and intrinsic factors of motivation in determining job satisfaction of private basic school teachers in Ghana. Demographic variables such as teachers' gender, age, marital status, school resources, teaching experience, academic qualifications, and rank were examined to ascertain whether these had any reasonable large relevance, or made any significant contribution, to the level of job satisfaction experienced by teachers as well as ascertaining the mutual relationship between the teachers’ diminished interest and job satisfaction as a determinant of the extent of their relationship. A 412 sample from the population was used across 31 private basic schools in Ashanti Region of Ghana. The results showed reasonable large levels of dissatisfaction in relation to intrinsic factors of work. There was a significant dissatisfaction factors in mutual relationship with demographic variables of school area and rank.A reasonable large relationship between levels of diminished interest and job satisfaction was also identified, specifically, in respect of consumption of sentimental resources and emotional detachment, which were shown to be in mutual relationship with low levels of job satisfaction. The study recommended that training must be offered to private basic school owners and encourage effective communication among stakeholders in educational sector whereas authorities in education sector should develop a formalized advancement programmes for teachers in schools notably in private basic schools.
This is a survey study undertaken to assess the function of extrinsic and intrinsic factors of motivation in determining job satisfaction of private basic school teachers in Ghana. Demographic variables such as teachers' gender, age, marital status, school resources, teaching experience, academic qualifications, and rank were examined to ascertain whether these had any reasonable large relevance, or made any significant contribution, to the level of job satisfaction experienced by teachers as well as ascertaining the mutual relationship between the teachers’ diminished interest and job satisfaction as a determinant of the extent of their relationship. A 412 sample from the population was used across 31 private basic schools in Ashanti Region of Ghana. The results showed reasonable large levels of dissatisfaction in relation to intrinsic factors of work. There was a significant dissatisfaction factors in mutual relationship with demographic variables of school area and rank.A reasonable large relationship between levels of diminished interest and job satisfaction was also identified, specifically, in respect of consumption of sentimental resources and emotional detachment, which were shown to be in mutual relationship with low levels of job satisfaction. The study recommended that training must be offered to private basic school owners and encourage effective communication among stakeholders in educational sector whereas authorities in education sector should develop a formalized advancement programmes for teachers in schools notably in private basic schools.
Kumah, A & Boachie, W. K. (2016). An Investigation into the Impact of Microfinance in Poverty Reduction in Less Developed Countries (LDCs): A case of Ghana. American Scientific Research Journal foe Engineering, Technology and Sciences (ASRJETS), 26,
Abstract
The paper attempts to provide a critical appraisal of the debate on the effectiveness of microfinance as a universal poverty reduction tool. It argues that while microfinance has developed some innovative management and business strategies, its impact on poverty reduction remains in doubt. The instrument for data collection is structured questionnaire. The study was carried out in Ashanti Region of Ghana. Using a sample size of 380 clients from various microfinance institutions (MFIs) within the research area and a survey with descriptive analysis, the result reveals among others that the clients enjoy opportunities for savings which enable them to increase their income levels by way of using their savings to acquire basic necessities of tools, equipment and materials and are able to create employment and improve their standard of living. Thus, microfinance, however, certainly plays an important role in providing safety-net and consumption smoothening. The study therefore recommends among others an urgent refocus on the promotion of micro-savings, a robust financial sector regulation and improved financial support to the MFIs by government and other stakeholders to help in the world’s effort in respect of poverty eradication agenda.
The paper attempts to provide a critical appraisal of the debate on the effectiveness of microfinance as a universal poverty reduction tool. It argues that while microfinance has developed some innovative management and business strategies, its impact on poverty reduction remains in doubt. The instrument for data collection is structured questionnaire. The study was carried out in Ashanti Region of Ghana. Using a sample size of 380 clients from various microfinance institutions (MFIs) within the research area and a survey with descriptive analysis, the result reveals among others that the clients enjoy opportunities for savings which enable them to increase their income levels by way of using their savings to acquire basic necessities of tools, equipment and materials and are able to create employment and improve their standard of living. Thus, microfinance, however, certainly plays an important role in providing safety-net and consumption smoothening. The study therefore recommends among others an urgent refocus on the promotion of micro-savings, a robust financial sector regulation and improved financial support to the MFIs by government and other stakeholders to help in the world’s effort in respect of poverty eradication agenda.
