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Abstract
This paper sought to evaluate Se to Hg (Se:Hg) molar ratio in human blood samples from residents of Wassa West district of Ghana, a region which has a long history of gold mining. Determining Hg levels alone in either environmental samples or human body fluids or tissues is necessary but not essential enough to assess the health risk of a given population. The levels of Se in such matrices are the fundamental factor in health risk assessment of Hg exposure and toxicity. Fifty blood samples were collected from volunteers from Wassa West District and were analysed for Hg and Se concentrations. The molar concentrations of each element was calculated and the corresponding Se:Hg molar ratios were determined. The results indicated that, the molar concentrations of Se ranged from 0,35 nM to 62.38 nM with a mean value of 25.26 nM, while Hg molar concentrations ranged from 0.05 nM to 4.65 nM with a mean value of 0.38 nM. The ratios ranged from 0.97 to 958 with a mean value of 155.40. Apart from, one subject, all the Se:Hg molar ratios were above one, which may imply that the residents have enough Se (well nourished) to prevent Hg toxicity.The precision and accuracy of the analytical methods were determined by the standard reference materials, DORM-2 and GBW 09101. The measurement precision which was determined using relative standard deviation fell within 4%.The results of the analysed samples were within ±5% of the certified values of the standard reference materials. Key words: Blood, Selenium, mercury, antagonism, molar ratio, mining, health, risk.

Abstract
Exercise contributes immensely to the well being of humans. Thus, health scientist agree that exercise has a positive effect upon physical well being and upon specific physiological variables associated with health and wellness (such as heart rate and blood pressure). In addition, the large majority of both health professionals and exercisers believe that exercise has benefits for the improvement of psychological problems encountered, especially depression, anxiety and mood. Given that exercise effects both physical and mental health, it would therefore seem important to evaluate research on the efficacy. By extension, given the pandemic nature of such mental health problems as depression and anxiety, in concert with the cost and potential side-effects or after-effects of various drugs in the treatment, it would seem important to review the efficacy of exercise as a treatment. The aim of the present paper is to review recent studies that have focused on the effect of exercise on mood adjustment. Specifically, the evidence regarding the benefits of exercise for depression, anxiety and other states of disturbed mood. Hence, this paper addresses the current literature related to investigations of the link between exercise treatments and depression, anxiety and other mood states. Results from these investigations are supportive of the anti-depressant, anti-anxiety and mood enhancing effects of exercise programs. However, a number of potential methodological problems in many of the research studies; the nature of these were considered. Finally, some possible directions for future research will be outlined.

Abstract
Participation in physical activity provide a wide range of physical, psychological and social benefits for women and girls. Studies of women’s and girls’ experiences of physical activity suggested that positive experiences can contribute to a sense of empowerment for participants, and the development of ownership of their bodies. Increasing the active engagement of women and girls in physical activity requires a variety of strategies that contribute to a comprehensive approach. The paper examined social-ecological model impact of intrapersonal, interpersonal, environmental, and policy factors on actively engaging women’s and girls’ in sport and physical activity participation. It is recommended that all stakeholders involved in sport and physical activity must create quality sport, physical activity and physical education programmes for women and girls. Also, inclusive language should be used, and discriminatory language should be avoided against women and girls knowing they have a place in physical activity participation.

Abstract
The transition to democratic governance in 1992/93 had mixed implications for teacher unionism. Firstly, the promulgation of PNDC Law 309 enabled teacher unions, just like other public sector unions, to negotiate directly with the state. However, the continuing economic atrophy of the nation, combined with the government’s lackadaisical attitude towards negotiating teacher grievances, pushed the teacher union to embark on strike actions and legal reliefs to force the government to address its grievances. Secondly, the 1992 constitution that allowed for trade union pluralism, combined with some graduate teachers’ dissatisfaction with the Ghana National Association of Teacher’s (GNAT) inability to fight to improve the conditions of service of its graduate members provided an avenue for these disgruntled graduate teachers to breakaway to form the National Association of Graduate Teachers (NAGRAT), which registered as a trade union. In examining teacher unionism under the Rawlings regime, this paper seeks to highlight the bottom line of teacher agitation after Ghana’s transition to liberal democratic rule; investigate government responses to these grievances; examine the internal conflicts of organised teachers, and thus, shed light on some significant contours of the political economy of labour relations in Ghana’s public education sector during the period under review. The paper adopts a qualitative paradigm and uses primary data generated from interviews, newspaper reports as well as analysis of official union documents, which include memoranda, press releases, petitions, and official union correspondence.

Abstract
This article examines the relationship between the Ghana National Association of Teachers (GNAT) and the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) regime from 1982 to 1991. It pays attention to grievances of teachers pursued by GNAT, methods employed to seek redress and what results it achieved. Faced with government insensitivity, GNAT was unable to militantly agitate for its demands. Situating the analysis in the socio-political and economic milieu of the 1980s, the paper argues that the relationship between the PNDC regime and GNAT remained frosty and jolty, throughout the duration of the existence of the regime, even though, GNAT did not see itself as antagonistic to the PNDC government. The PNDC government on the other hand, in addition to dissolving the political hub of the education sector, the Ghana Education Service (GES) Council, engaged actively in subjecting some key personalities in the education sector, who were members of GNAT, to one form of repression or another, even as it accepted memoranda, and engaged in round table discussions with GNAT over its grievances; the regime failed to actively resolve grievances of teachers presented through GNAT. Thus the PNDC government seemed to have employed simultaneously cooperative and repressive tactics in dealing with GNAT.

Abstract
A 6-week study was conducted to evaluate the physiological response of broiler chickens to Tetrapluera tetraptera (Prekese) dry fruit in feed or drinking water. A total of 144 Cobb hybrid broiler chicks of age 3-weeks were used for the study. There were 4 treatments and 3 replicates with 12 birds each in completely randomized design. The treatments were; Tt0- the control (no prekese), Ttw25- had 25g prekese in 4 litres water, Ttf10 and Ttf20 had 10 gkg-1 and 20 gkg-1 prekese in feed respectively. Data collected was analysed with Genstat version 11 (2008) and differences of treatment means isolated at 5% significant level. The results showed that feed intake of the control was higher (P<0.05) as compared to Ttw25 (6.1% decrease) but did not differ (P>0.05) from feed intake of prekese in feed. Water intake was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in prekese supplemented birds (Ttf10-7.02L, Ttf20-6.87 L) as compared to the control (Tt0- 8.05 L) with Ttw25 (5.69 L, 29.3% decrease) been the most affected and indicated an inverse relationship with the inclusion level of prekese. Body weight gain was lower (P<0.05) for birds on prekese supplemented treatments (Tt0-2190 g, Ttw25-1938 g, Ttf10-1906 g, Ttf20-1935 g) but feed conversion ratio was similar for the control (2.82) and Ttw25 (2.83) birds. The general haematological parameters and carcass characteristics were not influenced (P>0.05) by prekese supplementation. Phytochemicals including saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins were present in prekese and had inhibitory activity against coccidiosis and respiratory diseases. It was concluded that T. tetraptera had physiological effect on broilers. Further research of the prekese in water is suggested to establish the optimum inclusion level for positive physiological response on growth performance of the birds.

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Human impact has increased stunningly during the last century with coastal problems being onemanifestation of environmental injustice with ecological, economic, and social dimensions on coastal resources. The study sought to assess the residents’ perception of coastline changes in the milieu of the rampant sand mining activities along the Elmina, Cape Coast and Moree coastline of Ghana. The study employed the purposive sampling technique: 100 respondents were engaged from the selected study areas through simple random sampling method. Interviews, Focus group discussions, observations and questionnaire were the main instruments used. The study revealed that beach sand mining is widespread across the Elmina-Cape Coast-Moree coastline and takes place in several forms, with the magnitude of sand taken from the beach being dependent on the transportation medium and the purpose to which sand is to be put. It is considered that the 1995 National Environmental Policy has become outdated and the sections dedicated to the coastal zone are irrelevant due to new research data and trends in administration. The time is right for a concerted national policy dedicated to only the coastal zone that takes into consideration the multiplicity of use of the zone and adopts an integrated management approach.

Abstract
Management of coastal lagoons has become a crucial issue for environmental and sustainable development in the international discourse as they are now major sites for diverse economic activities. The study sought to evaluate the existing coastal lagoon management plans in the global perspective and situate it in the case of Ghana. The review shows that Ghana have ratified a number of international management conventions and the traditional management approaches to coastal lagoon seems to accentuate the fulcrum of lagoon management. Among the traditional management plans include taboos and outright bans which has been sufficiently used to maintain the ecological integrity of the lagoon environment. Again as a result of education, religion and modernisation many of the areas which operated under common property’ laws and with rising economic pressures, these areas are being exploited unsustainably with local fines and punishments being ignored or disregarded. It is therefore recommended that the scheme of integrated coastal zone management is absorbed to embrace the other management options in order to achieve sustainable coastal resource management.